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FRC Research · Denial Disparity Report · 2025

Same borrower.
64-point gap.

Data: CFPB HMDA loan-level 2025 · 6 major FHA lenders · 8,795 high-risk applications
Method: Denial rate per lender vs weighted market average of same 6 lenders
Profile: DTI 44+, CLTV 90+ · exact-integer DTI, numeric CLTV · actions originated/denied

In the high-risk FHA profile — DTI at or above 44, CLTV at or above 90 — six major lenders face the same borrowers. The market average denial rate is 59.9%. What each lender does with that profile varies by 64 percentage points.

−33pp
Mr. Cooper
26.7% denial vs 59.9% market
Lowest disparity observed
+31pp
Rocket Mortgage
91.2% denial vs 59.9% market
Highest disparity observed

High-risk profile — full disparity table

DTI 44+, CLTV 90+ · Market average: 59.9% · 8,795 total applications

Mid-risk profile

DTI 36-43, CLTV 80-89 · Market average: 12.7% · 20,040 total applications

The gap widens as profile risk increases. In the mid-risk band, the spread between best and worst is 30 points. In the high-risk band, it expands to 64 points. Risk amplifies lender divergence — it doesn't smooth it.

2025 Disparity Awards — within this 6-lender sample

🏆
Lowest Disparity 2025
Mr. Cooper
−33.3pp vs market in high-risk profile.
Consistent flat surface across all risk bands.
📉
Highest Disparity 2025
Rocket Mortgage
+31.2pp vs market in high-risk profile.
91.2% denial rate at DTI 44+, CLTV 90+.

Scope note: Market average here is the weighted average of these 6 lenders only — not the full FHA market. Disparity is measured against observable risk variables (DTI, CLTV) available in HMDA; credit score is masked in the public file and cannot be controlled. These awards reflect loan-level patterns within this sample, not regulatory findings.

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Source: CFPB HMDA loan-level modified LAR 2025. FHA (derived_loan_product = 2 or 32), actions originated (1) or denied (3). DTI filter: exact integers (HMDA reports integers 36-49; high-risk = 44+). CLTV: numeric, high-risk = 90+. Six lenders: CrossCountry (LEI 549300VZVN841I2ILS84), Freedom (549300LYRWPSYPK6S325), Guild (549300AQ3T62GXDU7D76), Mr. Cooper (549300LBCBNR1OT00651, filed as Nationstar Mortgage LLC), PennyMac (RVDPPPGHCGZ40J4VQ731), Rocket (549300FGXN1K3HLB1R50, filed as Quicken Loans Inc.). Full data: _data/denial_disparity_2025.json. Statistical research; not financial advice.

Citation: FRC Research (2026). "Denial Disparity Report 2025." financeratecalc.com/denial-disparity.html
Related: Decision Surfaces →  |  Shadow Approvals →  |  Market That Doesn't React →
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